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Free cheat sheet · Verbs · A2–B1

French Verb Tenses Chart

French has nine tenses that cover almost everything you'll say or write at B1–B2: présent, passé composé, imparfait, plus-que-parfait, futur proche, futur simple, conditionnel présent, subjonctif présent and impératif. Each one has a simple formula: a stem plus a set of endings, or an auxiliary plus a past participle. Learn the formula once and it works for every regular verb.

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French verb tenses chart: 9 tenses with formation, uses and examples for parler and finir
The nine French tenses you need for B1–B2, each with its formula, its main use and two model verbs.

In the TEF / TCF Canada exam

TEF and TCF Canada writing rewards range: mix present, past and future tenses correctly to show a B1–B2 level.

French Verb Tenses Chart: the full chart as text

The 9 tenses at a glance

TenseHow to form itWhen to use itparlerfinir
Présentstem + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent (-er verbs)Now, habits, factsje parleje finis
Passé composéavoir/être (present) + past participleFinished actions, eventsj'ai parléj'ai fini
Imparfaitnous stem + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aientBackground, past habitsje parlaisje finissais
Plus-que-parfaitavoir/être (imparfait) + past participleA past before another pastj'avais parléj'avais fini
Futur prochealler (present) + infinitivePlans, the near futureje vais parlerje vais finir
Futur simpleinfinitive + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ontPredictions, promisesje parleraije finirai
Conditionnelfuture stem + imparfait endingsWishes, politeness, hypothesesje parleraisje finirais
Subjonctifils stem + -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -entAfter que + wish, doubt, necessityque je parleque je finisse
Impératiftu, nous, vous forms of the present, no subjectInstructions, adviceparle, parlonsfinis, finissons

-er verbs drop the s in the tu imperative: parle, mange. -ir verbs keep it: finis.

Avoir or être in compound tenses?

Most verbs use avoir. Movement verbs (aller, venir, partir…) and all reflexive verbs use être, and the participle agrees.

  • Elle est partie à 8 h.She left at 8.
  • Nous nous sommes levés tôt.We got up early.

Irregular future stems

VerbStemFuturConditionnel
êtreser-je seraije serais
avoiraur-j'auraij'aurais
allerir-j'iraij'irais
fairefer-je feraije ferais
pouvoirpourr-je pourraije pourrais
vouloirvoudr-je voudraije voudrais
devoirdevr-je devraije devrais
venirviendr-je viendraije viendrais

The futur and the conditionnel always share the same stem.

Time words that point to a tense

  • Hier, j'ai appelé le centre.Yesterday I called the centre. (passé composé)
  • Avant, je travaillais à Delhi.I used to work in Delhi. (imparfait)
  • Ce soir, je vais réviser.Tonight I'm going to revise. (futur proche)
  • L'année prochaine, nous partirons.Next year we'll leave. (futur simple)
  • Depuis deux ans, j'apprends le français.I've been learning French for 2 years. (présent)

Imparfait: one exception

The imparfait stem is the nous form minus -ons: nous finissons → finiss-. Only être breaks the rule: its stem is ét-.

  • Quand j'étais petit, j'habitais à Pune.When I was little, I lived in Pune.

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Questions

French grammar books list about 20 tense and mood forms, but many are literary. For everyday French and for TEF or TCF Canada, nine cover nearly everything: présent, passé composé, imparfait, plus-que-parfait, futur proche, futur simple, conditionnel présent, subjonctif présent and impératif.

Start with the présent, the passé composé and the futur proche. Together they let you talk about now, the past and the future. Then add the imparfait, the futur simple and the conditionnel, which you need to reach B1.

The passé composé tells what happened: finished events. The imparfait sets the scene: background, descriptions and past habits. Hier, j'ai pris le bus (event) parce qu'il pleuvait (background). See the passé composé vs imparfait chart.

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