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French connectors for TEF and TCF Canada: the linking words that organise your answer

Seven jobs, a handful of words each, and the grammar that follows them

By the French Exam Alert teamUpdated 8 min readHow we fact-check

Short answer

Connectors (connecteurs logiques) are the words that show how your ideas relate: de plus to add, cependant to contrast, car to explain, donc to show a result, par exemple to illustrate, certes to concede and en somme to conclude. In TEF and TCF Canada writing and speaking, they make your answer easy to follow, which is part of what the markers assess. Learn two or three per job, and the grammar that comes after each one.

Key takeaways

  • Connectors have seven main jobs: add, contrast, cause, result, example, concede, conclude.
  • Two or three solid connectors per job beat a long list you can't use correctly.
  • Watch what follows: bien que + subjunctive, malgré + noun, car never starts a sentence.
  • Writing wants a more formal set (de plus, cependant). Speaking can be lighter (en plus, mais).
  • One connector per idea is enough. Stacking them makes your text harder to read.
On this page
  1. Why do connectors matter in TEF and TCF Canada?
  2. Which connectors should you learn, by function?
  3. How do you use each group in a sentence?
  4. What grammar comes after each connector?
  5. What does a well-connected paragraph look like?
  6. Which connectors work best when you speak?
  7. How do you practise connectors so they stick?

Connectors, or connecteurs logiques, are the small words that tell the reader how one idea relates to the next: de plus adds, cependant contrasts, car explains, donc concludes. In TEF Canada and TCF Canada, they turn a list of sentences into an argument, and the organisation of your text is one of the things the markers assess.

This guide groups the connectors you actually need by function, shows the grammar each one pulls behind it, and flags which ones belong in writing and which in speaking. For the tasks themselves, see the TCF Canada writing tasks and TEF Canada writing and speaking guides.

7
Jobs a connector can do in your answer
2–3
Connectors worth mastering per job
3+
Arguments TEF writing Section B asks you to develop

Why do connectors matter in TEF and TCF Canada?

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Le français des affaires, which runs the TEF, publishes the criteria its writing markers use. Two of them are the general organisation of the text and the clarity of the information or argument. Speaking markers check whether what you say is clear or confused. Connectors are the cheapest way to show both.

They matter most in the argument tasks: TEF writing Section B, which asks for at least three arguments in 200+ words, and TCF writing Task 3, where you compare two documents and then give your view. In speaking, they keep you going in TEF Section B and TCF Task 3, covered in our opinion and persuasion topics guide.

Which connectors should you learn, by function?

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The core set: learn these first
JobWriting (neutral to formal)Speaking (lighter)Watch out
Add an ideade plus, en outre, par ailleursen plus, et puis, aussiPar ailleurs means "besides / on another note", not "by the way" in a chat
Contrastcependant, en revanche, pourtant, toutefoismais, par contrePar contre is fine in speech; in formal writing prefer en revanche
Give a causecar, en effet, puisque, étant donné queparce que, commeCar never starts a sentence. En effet confirms what you just said
Show a resultdonc, par conséquent, c'est pourquoi, ainsialors, doncAvoid du coup in writing: it's very common, but informal
Give an examplepar exemple, notamment, ainsipar exemple, commeNotamment means "in particular" or "especially". It introduces one case among several
Concedecertes… mais, bien que, même si, néanmoinsc'est vrai que… mais, même siBien que + subjunctive; même si + indicative
Concludeen somme, pour conclure, en définitivebref, finalement, en grosFinalement often means "in the end" (after all), not "finally" in a list. Use enfin for that
The core set: learn these first

Want it on one page? The French connectors chart has the full set in a printable sheet, and the French opinion phrases sheet covers the sentence starters that go with them.

How do you use each group in a sentence?

#
Connector group
  • « Le télétravail fait gagner du temps. De plus, il réduit la pollution liée aux trajets. »
  • « Cette mesure coûte cher. En outre, elle ne concerne qu'une petite partie de la population. »
  • « Par ailleurs, il faut penser aux personnes âgées, qui n'ont pas toujours Internet. »
Use d'abord, ensuite, enfin to order your three arguments, and de plus or en outre for a point that supports the one before it.

What grammar comes after each connector?

#

Most connector errors aren't about meaning. They're about what you put after the word. Markers check syntax and tenses, so a connector followed by the wrong structure costs you more than leaving it out.

What follows the connector
ConnectorFollowed byExample
bien que, quoiqueSubjunctiveBien qu'il fasse froid, nous sortons.
pour que, afin queSubjunctiveJ'explique tout pour que vous compreniez.
même siIndicative (never the conditional)Même si c'est difficile, j'essaie.
malgré, grâce à, à cause deA noun or pronounGrâce à ce programme, j'ai trouvé un emploi.
afin de, pourAn infinitive (same subject)Je travaille le soir afin de progresser.
carA full clause, mid-sentence onlyJe reste, car il pleut. (Not: Car il pleut.)
parce que vs à cause deClause vs nounParce qu'il pleut / à cause de la pluie
What follows the connector
Punctuation is part of itIn writing, a connector that starts a sentence usually takes a comma: « Cependant, … », « De plus, … », « Par conséquent, … ». Car and mais take a comma before them: « …, car… ».

What does a well-connected paragraph look like?

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Here is one argument paragraph in the style of TEF writing Section B, answering « Les transports en commun devraient être gratuits. » Each connector does one job, and none are stacked.

Model answerModel paragraph: one argument, five connector jobs (108 words)108 words

D'abord, la gratuité des transports en commun serait une bonne chose pour l'environnement. En effet, beaucoup de gens prennent leur voiture parce que le bus leur paraît trop cher pour de courts trajets. Si le ticket disparaissait, une partie d'entre eux changerait sans doute d'habitude. Par exemple, dans ma ville, la mairie a rendu les bus gratuits le samedi, et la circulation du centre a nettement diminué. Certes, cette mesure aurait un coût pour la collectivité. Cependant, moins de voitures signifie aussi moins d'entretien des routes et moins de dépenses de santé liées à la pollution. C'est pourquoi je pense que cet investissement serait rentable à long terme.

D'abord (order), en effet (cause), par exemple (example), certes… cependant (concession), c'est pourquoi (result). Note si + imparfait → conditionnel in sentence three.

Write your own version of that paragraph against the clock in the timer below, set to TEF Section B. Count your connectors when you finish: four to six in 200 words is plenty.

Try itOpen the full writing timer →

You can see these connectors at work across whole texts in the TCF Canada writing model answers, from a short Task 1 message to a full Task 3 comparison.

Which connectors work best when you speak?

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Speaking is less formal, and a few written connectors sound stiff out loud. You still want structure, especially in the long persuasion and opinion tasks. Keep d'abord / ensuite / enfin for your reasons, and use these lighter forms between them.

Natural when speaking
  • « En plus, … » to add a reason
  • « Mais bon, … » to soften a contrast
  • « Parce que… » rather than car
  • « C'est vrai que… mais… » to concede
  • « Bref, … » to wrap up a point
Keep for writing
  • « En outre, … » sounds like a report out loud
  • « Néanmoins, … » is fine but formal
  • « Étant donné que… » is long to say
  • « En définitive, … » suits a written conclusion
  • Avoid « du coup » in writing, even if you say it

How do you practise connectors so they stick?

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  1. 1Pick one per jobChoose one connector from each row of the table above. That's seven words for the week.
  2. 2Write three sentences eachUse your own life: work, city, family. Check the grammar after each one against the table.
  3. 3Rewrite an old answerTake a practice text you wrote last month and add connectors where a reader would ask "why?" or "so what?".
  4. 4Say them out loudAnswer one opinion question a day for two minutes, using d'abord, ensuite, enfin and one concession.
  5. 5Add a new setNext week, swap in a second connector per job. After a month you have two or three you can use without thinking.
Quiz

Check yourself: pick the right connector

  1. 1 of 5.« ___ il pleuve, le match aura lieu. » Which connector fits?

  2. 2 of 5.« ___ la pluie, le match a eu lieu. »

  3. 3 of 5.Which sentence is correct?

  4. 4 of 5.TCF Task 3: you've summarised Document 1. Which connector best introduces Document 2's opposite view?

  5. 5 of 5.Which connector is best avoided in a formal TEF letter?

Connectors are one item on a longer list. The common TEF and TCF writing mistakes guide covers agreement, accents and register, and the free French writing templates PDF gives you ready structures for every task. To try your connectors on a new prompt, use the random writing topic generator. To see where your writing needs to be, check the score you need with the target score calculator.

Connectors carry even more weight in a letter of argument. See them in context in the lettre formelle examples, including a full TEF Section B letter to a newspaper.

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Questions people ask

Enough to show how each idea links to the next. In practice, four to six in a 200-word text is plenty. One connector per idea is the rule: stacking several makes your text harder to read, not better.

Both mean "however", but pourtant adds surprise ("and yet"): something happens despite what you'd expect. Cependant is a neutral contrast. Both are fine in writing.

Yes, always: « bien qu'il soit tard ». Même si, which means almost the same thing, takes the indicative: « même s'il est tard ».

No. Car joins two clauses mid-sentence: « Je reste, car il pleut. » To start a sentence with a cause, use comme or puisque: « Comme il pleut, je reste. »

It's extremely common in everyday spoken French, so one use in speaking is not a disaster. But alors and donc do the same job in a register that suits an exam. In writing, leave it out.

Yes. The language is the same; only the tasks differ. Contrast connectors like en revanche are especially useful for TCF Task 3, and ordering connectors like d'abord, ensuite, enfin for the three arguments in TEF Section B.

More questions about the exams in the FAQ

Terms in this guide

Each one is defined in plain English in the TEF & TCF Canada glossary.

Sources

Rules and fees change. Always confirm with IRCC and your test centre before you pay.

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